减氮运筹对甘薯光合作用和叶绿素荧光特性的影响

光合性能是决定作物产量形成的关键,氮肥的合理施用是调控作物光合特性和产量形成的重要措施.于2016—2017年开展盆栽试验,研究了减氮和施肥方式对甘薯叶片光合作用和叶绿素荧光特性的影响.试验以常规习惯基施氮肥100 kg·hm^-2为对照(FP),在常规施氮量的基础上减氮20%,同时设置3种氮肥运筹方式:100%基施(JS)、100%移栽后35 d追施(KS)、50%基施+50%移栽后35 d追施(FS).结果表明:与常规基施氮肥100 kg·hm^-2相比,减氮条件下氮肥全部基施显著降低了全生育期甘薯光合性能,但追施处理显著提高了块根膨大期净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(g_s)、胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)和叶绿素(Chl a+b)含量.不同处理下,P_n、g_s、C_i和Chl a+b均以50%基施+50%追施处理最高.减氮分施处理甘薯块根膨大期的PSⅡ实际光化学效率(Φ_PSⅡ)、光化学淬灭系数(q_P)、PSⅡ最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)和PSⅡ潜在活性(F_v/F_o) 提高,而初始荧光(F_o)和非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)则降低.氮肥分施通过提高PSⅡ的光化学效率和电子传递速率,降低光能的热耗散,提高了甘薯块根膨大期功能叶的光合速率.2个品种不同年际间表现相同.表明氮肥一次性基施或追施均不利于提高甘薯叶片光合性能.减氮20%水平下,50%基施+50%追施可减缓叶片早衰,延长叶片功能期,提高甘薯的光合生产能力和生物量,有利于产量形成.     

细菌降解邻苯二甲酸酯的研究进展

邻苯二甲酸酯(Phthalates esters, PAEs)是一类混合在塑料中以增强其可塑性和多功能性的有机化合物。同时,PAEs也是一种典型环境内分泌干扰物,长期生产和使用塑料制品已对环境和生物体乃至人类身体健康造成危害。研究发现微生物降解已成为削减环境中PAEs的主要途径。文中对近年来国内外在PAEs的结构及分类、毒理学效应、在环境中的污染状况、细菌降解的菌株多样性、降解途径及分子机制等方面的相关研究进行了总结与回顾,以期对解决PAEs的污染问题提供参考。     

铜绿假单胞菌对镉胁迫苗期水稻根系活力及叶片生理特性的影响

为揭示耐镉铜绿假单胞菌缓解镉胁迫水稻的生理效应,以无镉处理为对照,通过添加菌液、空载体、菌剂及20μmol·L^-1 Cd进行水培试验,分析了菌株对苗期水稻根系活力及叶片生理特性的影响.结果表明:镉胁迫显著抑制了水稻的根系活力,降低了叶片光合效率、抗氧化酶活性及可溶性蛋白、类黄酮与总酚含量,提高了叶片丙二醛(MDA)和超氧阴离子(O2-)含量.与镉处理相比,添加菌液、菌剂处理的水稻根系活力分别提高了36.1%~42.5%、49.4%~53.0%;叶片净光合速率提高了118.5%~147.1%、137.6%~156.9%;可溶性蛋白含量提高了37.0%~49.3%、37.7%~72.6%.菌剂处理的水稻叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性分别比Cd处理提高了36.9%~42.6%、82.7%~92.6%、43.3%~52.2%,菌液处理的SOD、POD、CAT则分别比Cd处理提高了25.8%~36.6%、40.9%~55.9%、24.0%~29.2%,菌剂对水稻叶片抗氧化酶的促进效应显著高于菌液;菌剂、菌液处理的水稻叶片MDA含量分别比Cd处理降低了44.8%~54.7%、29.4%~41.9%;O2-含量减少了9.9%~10.2%、3.0%~7.1%;菌剂处理后类黄酮、总酚含量分别比Cd处理提高了125.4%~135.7%、100.8%~119.4%;菌液处理后则分别提高了139.4%~146.7%、115.0%~134.7%.可见,铜绿假单胞菌及其菌剂通过提高苗期水稻根系活力、光合作用促进了苗期水稻的生长.铜绿假单胞菌通过增强水稻抗氧化酶活性、提高类黄酮和总酚等抗氧化物质含量,表现出显著的缓解镉胁迫效应.     

Does seawater acidification affect zooxanthellae density and health in the invasive upside‐down jellyfish,Cassiopea spp.?

Ocean acidification is the decline in seawater pH that results from the absorption of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂). Decreased pH has negative effects on survivability, growth, and development in many marine calcifiers, potentially resulting in reduced coral species richness. This reduction in richness could open new niche space, allowing the spread of invasive species, such as the upside‐down jellyfish (Cassiopea spp.). Like corals, this jellyfish forms symbiotic relationships with zooxanthellae, photosynthetic dinoflagellates. This study focused on the effect of seawater acidification in Cassiopea spp. We monitored zooxanthellae density and two measures of health (bell diameter and volume) in individuals of Cassiopea sp. at three pH levels chosen to mimic different open‐ocean average conditions: 8.2, representing pre‐industrial revolution conditions; and 7.9 and 7.6, representing predicted declines in pH in the next century. Zooxanthellae density and health of the jellyfish were measured twice—prior to experimental manipulations and after four weeks of exposure to experimental pHs—in three consecutive trials. The effects of pH and Trial on proportional change in jellyfish attributes were analyzed using generalized linear mixed models. We found no significant effects of either factor. These results indicate that decreasing seawater pH has no apparent negative effect on zooxanthellae density or health in Cassiopea, which suggests that these jellyfish may be relatively insensitive to the impacts of ocean acidification, heightening its potential as an invasive species.     

Understanding the mechanistic regulation of ferroptosis in cancer: the gene matters

Ferroptosis has emerged as a crucial regulated cell death involved in a variety of physiological processes or pathological diseases, such as tumor suppression. Though initially being found from anticancer drug screening and considered not essential as apoptosis for growth and development, numerous studies have demonstrated that ferroptosis is tightly regulated by key genetic pathways and/or genes, including several tumor suppressors and oncogenes. In this review, we introduce the basic concepts of ferroptosis, characterized by the features of non-apoptotic, iron-dependent, and overwhelmed accumulation of lipid peroxides, and the underlying regulated circuits are considered to be pro-ferroptotic pathways. Then, we discuss several established lipid peroxidation defending systems within cells, including SLC7A11/GPX4, FSP1/CoQ, GCH1/BH4, and mitochondria DHODH/CoQ, all of which serve as anti-ferroptotic pathways to prevent ferroptosis. Moreover, we provide a comprehensive summary of the genetic regulation of ferroptosis via targeting the above-mentioned pro-ferroptotic or anti-ferroptotic pathways. The regulation of pro- and anti-ferroptotic pathways gives rise to more specific responses to the tumor cells in a context-dependent manner, highlighting the unceasing study and deeper understanding of mechanistic regulation of ferroptosis for the purpose of applying ferroptosis induction in cancer therapy.     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi protect a subtropical tree species exposed to simulated acid rain by accelerating photosynthetic ability,antioxidant enzymes and osmolyte accumulation

丛枝菌根真菌对其宿主光合能力、抗氧化酶和渗透物质积累的促进作用 及其抗酸雨机制的探讨 酸雨在中国南方发生频繁,对亚热带树种生长具有明显抑制作用。以往研究表明,丛枝菌根真菌(AM真菌)可以缓解酸雨对宿主植物的胁迫效应。榉树(Zelkova serrata)为中国南方主要经济树种之一,其如何与共生AM真菌协同、增强其抗酸雨胁迫的能力是本项研究所要探讨的关键科学问题。通过温室控制实验,将榉树幼苗随机接受4个水平的AM真菌接种处理(接种灭菌菌种;单独接种Rhizophagus intraradices;单独接种Diversispora versiformis;接种这两种菌种的混合菌种)和3个pH水平(pH2.5、pH4.0和pH5.6)的硫酸型酸雨和硝酸型酸雨处理组成的12个处理组合,同时测定其生长、光合性能、抗氧化酶、渗透调节和土壤酶的响应格局。研究发现酸雨处理显著降低了非菌根榉树幼苗的总干重、总叶绿素含量、叶片净光合速率和可溶性蛋白的含量;接种AM真菌,特别是接种混合菌种,显著提高了强酸胁迫下榉树幼苗的总干重、光合性能、丙二醛、过氧化物酶、超氧化物歧化酶、可溶性蛋白和根系酸性磷酸酶活性。此外,菌根效应依赖于AM真菌的种类和酸胁迫的梯度。本研究 结果表明,AM真菌对榉树幼苗抗酸胁迫的调控作用主要源于调节宿主植株光合能力、抗氧化酶和渗透物质的积累。榉树与其共生AM真菌在应对酸胁迫上协同机制的解析为该树种在中国南方酸雨区的栽培提供理论基础、具有重要的实践指导意义。     

Seasonal and interannual variations of ecosystem photosynthetic characteristics in a semi-arid grassland of Northern China

北方半干旱草原生态系统光合参数的季节和年际变异 生态系统表观量子效率(α)、最大光合速率(P_max)和暗呼吸速率(R_d)不仅反映了生态系统水平 光合生理特征,同时也是碳循环模型中光合过程模拟的关键参数。气候和植被因子都会影 响光合参数的季节和年际变异,但二者在光合参数调控过程中的相对贡献和作用途径尚不清晰。本研究基于连续12年(2006–2017)的涡度相关观测数据,分析了内蒙古半干旱典型草原光合参数的季节和年际变化规律;利用回归分析和结构方程模型(SEM)方法明晰了环境和生理调控的作用途径及相对贡献。结果发现,光合参数(α、P_max和R_d)均表现出单峰的季节变化趋势,并呈现明显的年际波动。温度(T_a)和土壤含水量(SWC)的变化共同影响光合参数的季节变化,而SWC主导了其年际变异。α和R_d的变化主要由T_a决定,而Pmax的变化主要受SWC的影响。SEM模型分析表明,除了直接作用外,环境因子主要通过影响冠层水平气孔导度(gc)对光合参数和碳同化生理过程进行调控。此外,叶面积指数对光合参数特别是Pmax的季节和年际变异起主要调控作用。以上结果明确了环境和植被共同决定了生态系统水平光合参数的季节和年际变异,并强调了在水分受限的草原生态系统中,植被生理调控在光合碳同化能力和碳汇功能评估中的重要作用。